![]() Recent technology has started to overcome this limitation ( Mathis et al., 2018 Pereira et al., 2019) Wiltschko et al., 2015) and has enabled a new era of animal behavior analysis. This oversimplified abstraction is necessary mainly due to technological limitations that have prohibited the accurate extraction of complex poses from video data ( Egnor and Branson, 2016). For video-based open field assays, rich and complex behaviors of animal movement are often abstracted to a simple point to extract behavioral measures ( Dell et al., 2014). In rodents, it has classically been used to measure endophenotypes associated with emotionality, such as hyperactivity, anxiety, exploration, and habituation ( Crawley, 2007). The open field assay is one of the oldest and most commonly used assays in behavioral neurogenetics ( Greenberg and Haraway, 1998 Hall, 1934). In rodents, recent methods have fomented progress by the incorporation of speed in gait analysis ( Batka et al., 2014 Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015 Broom et al., 2017) and determination of whole-body posture ( Machado et al., 2015, 2020). ![]() This is in contrast to human gait and posture analysis, which, since the time of Borelli, has focused on body posture and is akin to the quantitation of whole-body movement rather than simply contact with the ground ( Kirtley, 2006). He defined a gait cycle in terms of contact of the limb to the ground (stance and swing phases). Modern animal gait analysis methods are credited to Hildebrand (1977), who in the 1970s classified gait based on quantified metrics. The application of imaging technologies to the study of gait is credited to the work of Muybridge and Marey, who took sequential photographic images of humans and animals in motion to derive quantitative measurements of gait ( Lanska, 2016 Manjila et al., 2015 Braun, 1992). During the Renaissance, Borelli applied the laws of physics and biomechanics to muscles, tendons, and joints of the entire body to understand gait ( Borelli and Maquet, 2012). Aristotle wrote a philosophical treatise on animal movement and gait using physical and metaphysical principles ( Aristotle, 2004). The ability to measure gait and posture in an accurate and scalable manner enhances the utility of existing models and may also lead to the development of better models of diseases.Īnalysis of human and animal movement, including gait, has a storied past ( Baker, 2007). Mice offer genetically tractable models for mechanistic and interventional studies. Thus, gait and posture integrity reflects proper functioning of many neural systems in humans ( Takakusaki, 2013, 2017). ![]() Regions of the brain that directly control movement, such as the cerebellum, motor cortex, and brainstem, respond to cognitive and emotionality cues. ![]() This is because proper gait, balance, and posture are under the control of multiple nervous system processes ( Takakusaki, 2013, 2017), which include critical sensory centers that process visual, vestibular, auditory, proprioceptive, and visceral inputs. Many psychiatric, neurodegenerative, and neuromuscular illnesses are associated with alterations in gait and posture ( Verghese et al., 2002 Allan et al., 2005 Licari et al., 2020 Green et al., 2009 Flyckt et al., 1999 Walther and Strik, 2012 Baldaçara et al., 2008 Hausdorff et al., 2004 Scherder et al., 2007 McIntosh et al., 1997). In humans, the ability to quantitate gait and posture at high precision and sensitivity allows the determination of the proper function of numerous neural and muscular systems ( Nutt et al., 1993 Sanders and Gillig, 2010). ![]()
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